Irrigation Management Institutions and Institutional Reforms
As Irrigation is a state subject, the states have the autonomy to evolve and constitute institutions appropriate to local conditions reflecting the predominant ideological and political leanings of the state.
Traditional institutions of the irrigation system required strengthening and changes to manage the emerging challenges that water scarcity, climate change and environmental concerns are building up. One of the key focuses of the irrigation reform process initiated in the state has been the institutional reform geared to equip the system handle the changed sectoral requirements.
Creation of appropriate processes and institutions became all the more essential as the state irrigation sector opted for a paradigm change in irrigation management and embarked upon decentralization of irrigation management. The setting up of an apex Water Management Committee, establishment of a Regulatory Commission, strengthening of the Training and Research institution and consolidation of the Farmers Organizations have been initiated to establish an expanded and effective irrigation management framework in the state.
A key objective of the irrigation reforms agenda in the state has been expanding its focus from its traditional infrastructure focused existence to incorporating allied concerns and complexities into irrigation governance. The changing approach and focus in irrigation management required appropriate institutions equipped with requisite powers and authority for ushering in the required changes. Development of a holistic policy framework as represented in a state water policy outlining the key thrust areas and strategies for improved in water governance, establishing of an integrated multi-departmental Water Resources focus, a water resources regulatory framework for improving the financial functioning of the system, strong and effective Training and Capacity Building organization for support to the reform process, decentralization of irrigation activities to water user bodies like Farmers Organizations have become the main changes instituted in the governance framework of irrigation management in the state.
Andhra Pradesh State Water Policy-2009
The National government drafted a formal national water policy containing the broad framework and main guidelines that need to be adhered to in the country in 1987. The Water Policy is intended to identify and specify the common framework and broad guidelines within which the water sector is managed and developed in the country. The Andhra I&CAD initiated the process in a rigorous manner in 2005 and come out with a draft version of the state water policy in 2006 which was subsequently thrown open for debate and discussion and finally took its present shape in 2008.
The state has the immediate challenge of managing demand for water, a finite and increasingly diminishing resource for drinking, irrigation, industry and power supply. The projections indicate that the increasing demands from all users will outstrip available water supplies by the year 2025. The policy contains six sections spelling out the need, objectives, strategies, approaches and implementation arrangements for water resources management in the state.
Objectives of the State Water Policy:
The policy identifies improving and safeguarding existing drinking water supplies, managing water for irrigation, industry, power supply and environmental sustainability and prevention of pollution along with issues like development of new infrastructure, maintenance and operation of existing infrastructure, pollution, over-abstraction and unplanned development, water logging, salinization, increasing toxic elements, as the main challenges and issues of concern for the state. The government in no uncertain terms commits itself for providing hygienic, affordable and secure drinking water supplies, improve performance and financial viability of irrigation systems, making groundwater usage sustainable in economic and environmental terms and make systematic transition from the water resource development mode to an integrated water resource management mode.
The policy identifies building of an enabling environment, implementing of participatory and capacity building tools, through the integration of new management tools and systems such as the integrated data systems, water demand management and a new communication system as being the key areas of focus. Taking note of the main areas of concern in water management in the state the policy outlines the main objectives of the state water policy as:
- Ensuring water security to the population by providing adequate, clean and affordable drinking water, through appropriate institutional and legal framework Ensuring water security to the population by providing adequate, clean and affordable drinking water, through appropriate institutional and legal framework
- Improving water management and efficiency by integrating efforts of related institutions; encouraging participation and involvements of users; progressive re-engineering and re-orientation of institutions, practices, and processes; institutionalizing service charging for water; improving infrastructure, services and utilization efficiency for a holistic and optimal development, management and operation of infrastructure Improving water management and efficiency by integrating efforts of related institutions; encouraging participation and involvements of users; progressive re-engineering and re-orientation of institutions, practices, and processes; institutionalizing service charging for water; improving infrastructure, services and utilization efficiency for a holistic and optimal development, management and operation of infrastructure
- Improving the availability, efficiency and productivity of irrigation through outcome oriented institutional and investment activities; realizing optimum irrigation potential of irrigation projects; sustainable use of ground water by improving performance of irrigation projects through involvement of primary stakeholders Improving the availability, efficiency and productivity of irrigation through outcome oriented institutional and investment activities; realizing optimum irrigation potential of irrigation projects; sustainable use of ground water by improving performance of irrigation projects through involvement of primary stakeholders
- Maintain and sustain ecological balance by conserving and protecting water bodies and wetlands through regulation and enforcement of standards Maintain and sustain ecological balance by conserving and protecting water bodies and wetlands through regulation and enforcement of standards
Strategy for Accomplishing the Objectives:
One section in the policy is devoted to spell out the strategies for accomplishing the objectives of the policy. Provision of drinking water is set as the top priority with irrigation, hydropower and environmental concerns following it. Water Management focuses on taking appropriate cost effective delivery of water resources; rehabilitation, modernization operation and maintenance of infrastructure and a pro user participation legal environment; promotion of modern management practices for development of appropriate information analysis, communication, benchmarking and auditing systems.
The policy identifies use of appropriate modern technology like modern computer hardware and software, modern knowledge base, interactive decision support systems, data and voice communication systems, internet use, improved information flow arrangements, effective targeted research and knowledge partnership; moving towards 24X7 urban and rural drinking water supply; prevention of water pollution; conservation of water by reducing losses in evaporation, conveyance and distribution of water; flood, drought and land erosion management as the special focus areas of the policy.
Establishment of regulatory institutions (Andhra Pradesh Regulatory Commission-APWRRC) as the regulatory institution; Strengthened Water User Organizations with greater responsibilities in management of water and irrigation infrastructure; Restructuring and capacity building of the existing I&CAD Department and other water sector organizations are identified as the main institutional arrangements to operationalize the policy objectives. The government commits itself to formulate programs and projects based on the provisions of the policy that coincides with the 11th Five Year Plan by notifying the schedule for the implementation of establishment of Water Management Committee; Reorganizing of the I&CAD; Establishment of the Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Regulatory Commission and also a periodic review of the policy as and when needed to meet the future water sector development and management challenges. For meeting the challenge of building a secure water future for the state, the policy underlines the importance of an integrated approach, micro-level water development and a sectoral and cross-sectoral coordination and collaboration.
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While water resources are a subject matter of various departments, a sectoral approach has led to sub-optimal utilization of water resources in the state. Coordination among the various departments and agencies becomes a prerequisite for safeguarding against the duplication resulting out of the conventional departmental divisions. The fragmentation of water resources development between several departments engaged in managing the resources led to problems in planning and coordination of issues related to water management. The earlier constituted Water Charges Review Committee (WCRC) with reference to the Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP) in 1997 was assigned the task of ensuring that the water charges and their collection rates provide revenues sufficient to cover: maintenance works; the establishment costs and recurrent costs; reserve fund; phased transition towards volumetric assessment of water charges in the state.
As the state I&CAD embarked on an exercise of reforms to enable the department become better equipped to take up future challenges in the sector, restructuring of the institutions assumed significance. Taking these considerations into account it was decided to re-constitute the existing standing committee as Water Management Committee (WMC) to have a holistic view of water resources establishing coordination among several departments like the Irrigation Department including Major, Medium and Minor Projects, CAD, Special Purpose Vehicles and other water user agencies. After careful consideration, the Water Management Committee was established vide G.O. Ms. No. 95, dated 05.06.2007 and was to replace the previous Water Charges Review Committee.
Objectives of the Water Management Committee:
The WMC is the apex body at the State level competent to take decisions on policy and reforms, regulation and performance and convergence on water related issues. The WMC represents the evolving of the irrigation management towards the establishment of more effective and efficient management structures in place to prepare the sector for future demands and requirements. The main objective of the committee was to review and recommend measures on changes and improvements in water charging rates and collections to ensure that the charges and their collection rates provide revenues sufficient to cover desirable levels of maintenance works required to maintain the system to ensure that irrigation systems operate at optimum levels and guide the sector from its present water collection modes to futuristic options in which several tiers of Farmers Organizations like Water User Associations, Distributory Committees, Project Committees, apex committees and I&CAD take up and execute a more appropriate and efficient system of water tax collection in place.
The Chief Secretary to the Government of Andhra Pradesh is to be the Chairperson and the Principle Secretary (Irrigation) & Commissioner CAD are to be the convener of the Committee. The other members include Principal Secretaries of the concerned departments, Secretaries of I&CAD Department, concerned Engineer-in-Chiefs, CMD, AP GENCO, Engineer-in-Chief (IW) and Director, Ground Water Department. The CAD & WM Wing of the restructured/renamed Irrigation Department provides technical support to the Water Management Committee.
Functions of the Water Management Committee:
The main functions of the Water Management Committee include:
- Policy / Reforms: Review implementation of the State Water Policy; Setting guidelines for and review institutional reforms for efficient water resource management for the various water user departments; Setting guidelines for research and analysis in water resource management for future policy formulations and reforms
- Regulation and Performance: Fixing rates for various water uses; Setting guidelines for and review development of water management plans for the various water user departments; Fixing norms for quality on water related infrastructure and services; Setting norms for water quality and water pollution, especially related to industrial waste water; Fixing norms and procedures for operation and maintenance of water resources infrastructure both by departments and user organizations; Fix norms for apportionment of water tax and royalties collected by Irrigation Department to various agencies for O&M of irrigation systems; Setting guidelines for and review conjunctive use of ground water and surface water in command areas; Setting guidelines for and review managing water logging/salinity problems including salinity ingression; Fixing norms for and review performance of the Technical Group
- Convergence: Setting guidelines and review harmonizing existing policies, executive orders and rules related to water resource management issued by different departments; Setting guidelines and review harmonizing water management plans for the various water user departments
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Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Regulatory Commission
Factors like removal of irrigation pricing from the ambit of political considerations, incorporation of an economic rationale in irrigation pricing and creating individual rights over the surface water have dominated the reform agenda for improving efficiency of irrigation systems. Induction of economic rationale in water pricing has become crucial for ensuring environmental and financial sustainability of water resources in the country. Irrigation being the largest consumer of the water, the efficiency of irrigation projects is key concern. The state of Andhra Pradesh targeted the efficiency improvement through community involvement and created the organisations supporting the community and stakeholder. The institutional reform agenda in the state identified the need for creating a state level mechanism for progressive implementation of governance, institutional re-engineering, reforms and sustenance of the spirit of the state water policy. To give effect to these proposed changes the Government enacted-the Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Extent, Regulatory Commission Act, 2009 to constitute the Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Regulatory Commission. The commission was to consist of a Chairperson and three experts from the field of irrigation engineering, agricultural economics and finance/revenue and was entrusted the job of making its recommendations to the Water Management Committee.
Mandate of the Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Regulatory Commission:
The Commission is to have the mandate for using a variety of instruments such as accessing relevant information from different stakeholders, conducting multi-stakeholder consultations, commissioning special studies etc in performing its functions and was to be supported for research and information services by the Policy and Research cell functioning under the Principle Secretary and Commissioner (I&CAD).
Powers and Functions of the Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Regulatory Commission:
The commission is proposed to be a body corporate having perpetual succession and a common seal with the power to contract, acquire, hold and dispose property. The APWRRC is entrusted with adequate powers and authority for fixing share of apportionment of water charges collections to the farmers organizations and other agencies; procedures and modalities for plough back to the Farmers organizations for operation and maintenance of irrigation systems as well as standards of services; technical standards for operation and maintenance, cyclical repairs and minimum rehabilitation of irrigation systems; stipulation of quality standards for water supply and waste water for various water users and actions against violations; rationalization of demands and conflict resolution between sectoral users; recommendations on specific issues referred to the commission by the Water Management Committee.
The powers, functions and duties of the Commission includes determination of the water requirement for various categories of users; the requirement of irrigation water for the various levels of Farmers Organization; providing Guidelines / Procedures / modalities for plough back of operation & maintenance amount to the farmers organizations for the operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems as well as standards of services; monitoring the technical standards for operation and maintenance, cyclical repairs and minimum rehabilitation of irrigation system; ensuring that the principle of tail to head irrigation is implemented by the project authorities.; promotion of efficient use of water resources and minimizing wastage of water; publication of an annual report containing varied information by project authorities; devising a suitable mechanism for financial incentives/disincentives to the Farmers organizations and other water users for ensuring delivery of services to their members as per the determination; and perform any other powers, functions and duties as assigned to the commission by the State Government by notification.
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Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI)
Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI)was established in 1982 under the WRM&T Project of the World Bank to provide quality Capacity Building Services to various wings of the I&CAD Department like the Commissioner CADA, Engineering in Chief I&CAD, Andhra Pradesh State Irrigation Development Corporation, Ground Water Development. WALAMTARI also provides Capacity Building support to Externally Aided Projects (EAP) like APILIP, APCBTMP, and APWSIP etc. Capacity Building services are provided to both the government staff irrigation engineers, technical staff and ministrerial staff as well as the Farmers Organizations-WUAs, DCs, PCs.
The Governing Council of the Institute is headed by the Chief Minister of the State, with the Minister for Minor Irrigation functioning as the Vice-Chairperson. The executive Committee is headed by the Principle Secretary, I&CAD with representation from almost all departments and institutions related to water and agriculture. The implementation is done by the Director General supported by the Faculty and staff. The institute has its own infrastructure equipped to conduct classes and workshops and accommodate about from time to time. Infrastructure includes, class rooms, auditoriums, computer labs, faculty rooms, hostel facilities and residential quarters to accommodate about 200 trainees at a single time. There is a library also equipped with latest packages for efficient search and retrieval of references.
In order to provide capacity building to the last level in an effective manner, the institute is providing umbrella support to Field Training Centers at the Project / Circle level. These centers act as mini WALAMTARIs and some of them are proposed to be developed in to Regional Centers also. WALAMTARI also has collaborations with professional bodies like the Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI), National Construction Academy (NAC) etc. The institute is in the process of developing a pool of Roving Trainers out of practicing farmers for more effective and practical capacity building at local level.
Participation of the farmers in the management of the irrigation systems became one of the most preferred option for addressing declining and deteriorating irrigation systems all over the globe in the 1990s. Accordingly, a white paper was released by the Government in June 1996 which underlined the fact that the state in addition to low cropping intensities, low farm yields and under financing of operations and maintenance, was experiencing a serious decline in net irrigated area. The fact that out of the 4 million ha of potential irrigated area created only 2.3 million ha of the land was actually under irrigation (which meant almost a gap of 52 % between potential created and actual irrigated area) was a matter of serious concern for the sector. The pro reform international environment and extensive institutional reforms in irrigation management that focused on empowering and transferring significant share of financial, decision-making and rehabilitation responsibilities to user bodies was a major factor for AP’s inclination towards PIM in the 1990s.
The Andhra Pradesh Farmers Management of Irrigation Systems (APFMIS) Act of 1997 the first of its kind in India sought to bring a paradigm shift in irrigation management. The Act proposed to involve farmers in irrigation management ultimately leading to the transfer of irrigation management from state agencies to farmers. This heralded the beginning of a new era in irrigation management in the state that would make irrigation management a participatory exercise.
PIM in Andhra Pradesh:
As irrigation is a state subject it is the responsibility of the concerned state to imbibe these recommendations and take measures to put these suggestions into practice. While attempts to initiate PIM were gradually taken up in many states in the country after mid- nineties, reforms by Andhra Pradesh were by far the most elaborate and extensive both in terms of the approach and the physical area covered. The reform friendly, regime of 1990’s initiated comprehensive and extensive changes to set the irrigation sector on to path of changed governance paradigm.
The operationalization of PIM has been has included deliberations and experimentations for trying out the best suited options. Institutionalization of the changing irrigation governance system in the state has been accompanied by introduction of simultaneous changes in the processes of operations of the Farmers Organizations. New set of processes and procedures were set in motion in the conduct of operations of FOs. This meant that a recognized procedure of operations was established for various operations like irrigated area assessment, tax demand, tax collections, identification and carrying of physical works, book and record keeping, monitoring and evaluation etc. On the one hand the piloting and setting of operations procedures ensured that more and more power and responsibility was devolved gradually to the FOs. On the other hand, this ensured standardization of the procedures of operations and made it easier to be communicated and taught to the FOs. Care was taken to ensure that researched and well tested proformas, forms, procedures, methods were created in manuals and guidelines and periodically and systematically disseminated to all the stakeholders. While cumbersome and complex, this process ensured that one recognized process of operations became established which could be compared and reviewed against each other and across time.
Structure of Water User Associations:
Andhra opted for the Big Bang as opposed to the gradualist approach and a three tier structure that resulted in the creation of 10292 Water User Association (WUA) covering about 4 million hectares representing one of the biggest exercises in the country. The three - tier model of farmer organizations are demarcated as Water User Association (WUA), the Distributory Committee (DC), and the Project Committee (PC). The primary level Farmers Organization are known as Water User Associations and delineated on hydraulic basis and administrative viability. The area covered by a WUA ranges from 600 ha to 1,000 hectares with the delta regions spread over larger areas of up to 4,500 ha and the area limited to about 1,000 ha in areas with rugged topography. Elections to the WUAs are through secret ballots with each farmer having a vote regardless of the extent of his/her land holdings.
Each demarcated WUA consists of 12 Territorial Constituencies (TC) incase of major and medium irrigation projects and 6 TCs in case of minor irrigation projects. The farmers (land owners and tenants) in each of these TC elect one farmer to represent the constituency who is known as TC member. All such TC members constitute the Managing Committee of the WUA. The Managing Committee elects one President and one Vice President among themselves. The Managing Committee also constitutes four Sub-Committees like Work Sub Committee; Financial Sub Committee; Capacity Building Sub Committee; Water Management Sub Committee for performing various functions.
In Minor irrigation systems (typically less than 2,000 ha)WUAs are the only structure. Medium irrigation projects (2,000-10,000 ha)have a two-tier system, made up of WUAs and a PC where the Presidents of WUAs constitute the General Body of the next level, which is called Project Committee. The President of Medium irrigation Project Committee (PC) is elected by the WUA Presidents. Major irrigation projects (more than 10,000 ha)) have a three-tier system, made up of WUAs, DCs, and a PC where WUA Presidents constitute General Body of the next level, which is called as Distributory Committee (DC). The President of DC is elected by the WUA Presidents. The DC Presidents constitute the general body of the Project Committee of major irrigation project and elect the President and Vice President of the Project Committee. The Distributory and Project Committees also have the sub committees as in the case of the WUAs.
Rules for the Formation of the Water User Associations:
Elections to the WUAs are conducted through a democratic process of secret ballots under the Andhra Pradesh Farmers Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1997. Detailed rules were notified under the Act for the delineation, notification and functioning of the WUA. The process of formation of a WUA entails the following steps:
- The area proposed to be constituted into a WUA is delineated by the irrigation agency on a hydraulic basis.
- The District Collector of the District in which the WUA is located notifies the proposed WUA and Competent Authority in the District Gazette. The competent authority provides technical advice to the WUA and assists in the technical supervision of the works undertaken by the WUA.
- The Commissioner CAD notifies the process of election to the WUA.
Roles & Responsibilities of the Farmers’ Organizations:
The primary roles and responsibilities of the various farmers’ organizations as designated in the APFMIS Act are as follows:
Water Users Association (WUA):
- To prepare and implement a warabandi schedule for each irrigation season, consistent with the operational plan, based upon the entitlement area, soil and cropping pattern as approved by the DC, or as the case may be, the PC
- To prepare a plan for the maintenance of irrigation system in the area of its operation at the end of each crop season and carry out the maintenance work of both distributory system and minor and field drains in its area of operation with the funds of the association from time to time.
- To regulate the use of water among the various pipe outlets under its area of operation according to the warabandi schedule of the system.
- To promote economy in the use of water allocated. To assist the Revenue Department in the preparation of demand and collection of water rates.
- To monitor flow of water for irrigation.
- To resolve the disputes, if any, between the members and water users in the area of operation.
- To raise resources.
- To maintain records and to cause annual audit of its accounts.
- To encourage avenue plantation on canal bunds and tank bunds by leasing such bunds.
- To conduct regular water budgeting and also to conduct periodical social audit, as may be prescribed.
- To encourage modernization of agriculture in its area of operation.
- To maintain the feeder channels of minor irrigation tanks by the respective WUAs in the manner prescribed.
Distributory Committee (DC):
- To prepare an operational plan, based upon the entitlement area, soil and cropping pattern at the beginning of each irrigation seasons, consistent with the operation by the PC.
- To prepare a plan for maintenance of both distributaries and medium drains within its area of operation at the end of each crop seasons and execute the maintenance works with the funds of the Dc from time to time.
- To regulate the use of water among the various WUAs under its area of operation.
- To resolve disputes, if any, between the WUAs under its area of operation
- To maintain records and to cause annual audit.
- To monitor the flow of water for irrigation.
- To cause regular water budgeting and also the periodical social audit as may be prescribed.
- To encourage avenue plantation in its area of operation.
- To encourage modernization of agriculture in its area of operation.
Project Committee (PC):
- To approve an operational plan based on its entitlement, area, soil, cropping pattern as prepared by the Competent Authority in respect of the entire project area at the beginning of each irrigation seasons.
- To approve a plan for the maintenance of irrigation system including the major drains within its area of operation at the end of each crop season and execute the maintenance works with the funds of the committee from time to time.
- To resolve disputes if any, between the DCs.
- To promote economy in the use of water. To maintain records and cause annual audit of its accounts.
- To cause regular water budgeting and also the periodical social audit as may be prescribed.
- To encourage avenue plantation in its area of operation.
- To encourage modernization of agriculture in its area of operations
Recent Changes in Water User Associations:
For operational and hydraulic reasons the agency initiated a re-demarcation of the area of WUA in 2003 where the area for WUAs was reduced from the 8000-10000 acres (1997) to less than 5000 acres; the area for DC was reduced to 20000 from the original 90000. The number of Territorial Committees was increased to 12 in Major, Medium and Minor irrigation project. Institutional changes like introduction of the position of Vice-President; indirect elections; provision for the retirement of one-third TC members once in two years for ensuring continuity in its operations were also made.
In view of the recommendations and suggestions made by reviews for incorporating continuity and permanence in the system the APFIMS Act was amended in 2003 to make the WUAs continuous bodies with one third members retiring every year and thus the tenure of the Presidents of WUAswas made two years.
In an attempt to do away with the exclusivity approach and to integrate WUAs with other government functionaries and units, the APFMIS Act has been amended to co-opt and include MPs MLAs, and other elected representatives of PRIs to WUAs without voting rights at different category of irrigation systems. At minor irrigation WUA the village/Gram Panchayat will nominate 2 of GP members in consonant with the 73rd amendment. PCs of medium irrigation project are to include all Mandal PrajaParishad (MPPs), MLAs and MPs in the project area and the PCs in major irrigation are to include all MLAs, MPs and ZP Chairman in project area. The DCs are to include all MPPs in the DC area. In order to divert attention of the WUAs to the more important task of water management and do away with the WUA functionaries preoccupation with maintenance and physical works the latest amendment has set a ceiling on the value of work that the WUA can take up under plough back amount. Accordingly WUAs are entitled to take up operations and maintenance work of one lakh with works more than a lakh to be tendered as per government norms.
The first election to the FOs (10479 WUAs and 172 DCs) was conducted during the year 1997.The second stage of elections to WUAs that were held in 2003 in 13 districts and thereafter as elaborated in table 2. The DC elections were conducted only for 172 DC out of 323 during 1997 and were not conducted thereafter. The Project Committee elections were not conducted until 2008 when the three-tier structure was installed for the first time in India. Presently there are 10800 WUAs, 323 Distributory Committees, 23 Project Committees in Major Irrigation Project and 60 PC in Medium Irrigation Projects. The total number of farmers (owners and tenants), eligible and registered as voters in Andhra Pradesh for the FOs election is 5.8 million (Annexure I). A substantial percentage of these office bearers are elected unanimous. The major and medium irrigation projects together have 2,627 WUAs (major 2221& medium 406), 323 Distributory Committees 83 Project Committees (60 medium and 23 Major). The process of empowerment of these user institutions is in progress in the state by involving them in planning and implementation of regular operations and maintenance plans.
Year wise Elections Conducted to Farmers Organizations
Year |
Water User Association |
Distributory Committee |
Project Committee |
Remarks |
1997 |
10479 |
172 |
0 |
Elected for a term of 5 yrs and completed their term in 2002. |
2004 |
6910 |
0 |
0 |
WUAs made continuous bodies. Elections conducted in 13 districts out of 22 districts |
2005 |
3721 |
0 |
0 |
Elections conducted for 7 districts out of remaining 9 districts. |
2006 |
7018 |
160 |
0 |
Elections conducted for 15 districts (retirements of 13 districts and 2 left out districts) |
2008 |
10680 |
323 |
83 |
Elections conducted for all the 22 districts. |
% elected unanimous in 2008 |
91% |
82% |
91% |
For Presidents |
Related Downloads
- Andhra Pradesh Farmer's Management of Irrigation Systems Act 1997
- District Wise Distributory Committees/Water Users Associations in Irrigation Projects
